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Dusky darter
The dusky darter (''Percina sciera'') is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus ''Percina'', found, but not confined to, both large and small rivers, and shallow creeks (1-3rd order), in the eastern, southern, and southeastern United States,〔 particularly the Mississippi River drainage system.
''Percina'' are benthic and benthic-associated fishes. ''Percina sciera'' belongs to the family Percidae, which along with Etheostomatinae comprise approximately 20-percent of the recognized diversity in North American freshwater fish.〔Carlson, R.L., and P.C. Wainwright. 2010. The ecological morphology of darter fishes (Percidae: Etheostomatinae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 100:30-45.〕 Land development may threaten ''P. sciera'' habitat.〔Skyfield, J.P., and G.D. Grossman. 2008. Microhabitat use, movements and abundance of gilt darters ("Percina evides") in southern Appalachian (USA) streams. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 17:219-230.〕 ''Percina'' prefer low water velocity in riffle/pool transition areas primarily on top of woody debris in a sandy/boulder substrate.〔Welsh, S.A., and S.A. Perry. 1998. Habitat partitioning in a community of darters in the Elk River, West Virginia. Environmental Biology of Fishes 51:411-419.〕
==Geographic distribution==
''Percina sciera'' is considered both a wide-ranging and geographically restricted species that inhabits a variety of freshwater habitats including creeks, streams, rivers as well as lakes and reservoirs in the Mississippi River drainage.〔Carlson, R.L., P.C. Wainwright, and T.J. Near. 2010. Relationship between species co-occurrence and rate of morphological change in ''Percina'' darters (Percidae: Etheostomatinae). Evolution 63:767-778.〕 ''P. sciera'' is found in the eastern United States in areas ranging from the Tennessee Tombigbee waterway,〔Miller, G.L. 1983. Trophic Resource Allocation between Percina sciera and P. ouachitae in the Tombigbee River, MississRippi. American Midland Naturalist 110:299-313.〕 to the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau section of Southern Ohio,〔Cavender, T.M., and D.L. Rice. 1997. Survey and analysis of the Scioto Brush Creek drainage fish fauana of Southern Ohio. Ohio Journal of Science 97:78-85.〕 to the second and fourth order streams within the Pine Hills of the Mississippi coastal plain.〔 ''P. sciera'' has also been studied and monitored in lower Tallahala Creek near its confluence with the Leaf River, which is within the Pascagoula River drainage.〔 Sympatric darter species, including ''P. sciera'', segregate along several resource axes in the Appalachians such as the Elk River, West Virginia, one of several “islands” of fish diversity in the Eastern Highlands of the Mississippi River drainage system.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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